中华人民共和国野生动物保护法(附英文)(已修正)
全国人民代表大会
中华人民共和国野生动物保护法(附英文)
(1988年11月8日第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第四次会议通过)
中华人民共和国主席令 第九号
《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》已由中华人民共和国第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第四次会议于1988年11月8日通过,现予公布,自1989年3月1日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席 杨尚昆
1988年11月8日
目 录
第一章 总 则
第二章 野生动物保护
第三章 野生动物管理
第四章 法律责任
第五章 附 则
第一章 总 则
第一条 为保护、拯救珍贵、濒危野生动物,保护、发展和合理利用野生动物资源,维护生态平衡,制定本法。
第二条 在中华人民共和国境内从事野生动物的保护、驯养繁殖、开发利用活动,必须遵守本法。
本法规定保护的野生动物,是指珍贵、濒危的陆生、水生野生动物和有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物。
本法各条款所提野生动物,均系指前款规定的受保护的野生动物。
珍贵、濒危的水生野生动物以外的其他水生野生动物的保护,适用渔业法的规定。
第三条 野生动物资源属于国家所有。
国家保护依法开发利用野生动物资源的单位和个人的合法权益。
第四条 国家对野生动物实行加强资源保护、积极驯养繁殖、合理开发利用的方针,鼓励开展野生动物科学研究。
在野生动物资源保护、科学研究和驯养繁殖方面成绩显著的单位和个人,由政府给予奖励。
第五条 中华人民共和国公民有保护野生动物资源的义务,对侵占或者破坏野生动物资源的行为有权检举和控告。
第六条 各级政府应当加强对野生动物资源的管理,制定保护、发展和合理利用野生动物资源的规划和措施。
第七条 国务院林业、渔业行政主管部门分别主管全国陆生、水生野生动物管理工作。
省、自治区、直辖市政府林业行政主管部门主管本行政区域内陆生野生动物管理工作。自治州、县和市政府陆生野生动物管理工作的行政主管部门,由省、自治区、直辖市政府确定。
县级以上地方政府渔业行政主管部门主管本行政区域内水生野生动物管理工作。
第二章 野生动物保护
第八条 国家保护野生动物及其生存环境,禁止任何单位和个人非法猎捕或者破坏。
第九条 国家对珍贵、濒危的野生动物实行重点保护。国家重点保护的野生动物分为一级保护野生动物和二级保护野生动物。国家重点保护的野生动物名录及其调整,由国务院野生动物行政主管部门制定,报国务院批准公布。
地方重点保护野生动物,是指国家重点保护野生动物以外,由省、自治区、直辖市重点保护的野生动物。地方重点保护野生动物名录,由省、自治区、直辖市政府制定并公布,报国务院备案。
国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录及其调整,由国务院野生动物行政主管部门制定并公布。
第十条 国务院野生动物行政主管部门和省、自治区、直辖市政府,应当在国家和地方重点保护野生动物的主要生息繁衍的地区和水域,划定自然保护区,加强对国家和地方重点保护野生动物及其生存环境的保护管理。
自然保护区的划定和管理,按照国务院有关规定办理。
第十一条 各级野生动物行政主管部门应当监视、监测环境对野生动物的影响。由于环境影响对野生动物造成危害时,野生动物行政主管部门应当会同有关部门进行调查处理。
第十二条 建设项目对国家或者地方重点保护野生动物的生存环境产生不利影响的,建设单位应当提交环境影响报告书;环境保护部门在审批时,应当征求同级野生动物行政主管部门的意见。
第十三条 国家和地方重点保护野生动物受到自然灾害威胁时,当地政府应当及时采取拯救措施。
第十四条 因保护国家和地方重点保护野生动物,造成农作物或者其他损失的,由当地政府给予补偿。补偿办法由省、自治区、直辖市政府制定。
第三章 野生动物管理
第十五条 野生动物行政主管部门应当定期组织对野生动物资源的调查,建立野生动物资源档案。
第十六条 禁止猎捕、杀害国家重点保护野生动物。因科学研究、驯养繁殖、展览或者其他特殊情况,需要捕捉、捕捞国家一级保护野生动物的,必须向国务院野生动物行政主管部门申请特许猎捕证;猎捕国家二级保护野生动物的,必须向省、自治区、直辖市政府野生动物行政主管部门申请特许猎捕证。
第十七条 国家鼓励驯养繁殖野生动物。驯养繁殖国家重点保护野生动物的,应当持有许可证。许可证的管理办法由国务院野生动物行政主管部门制定。
第十八条 猎捕非国家重点保护野生动物的,必须取得狩猎证,并且服从猎捕量限额管理。
持枪猎捕的,必须取得县、市公安机关核发的持枪证。
第十九条 猎捕者应当按照特许猎捕证、狩猎证规定的种类、数量、地点和期限进行猎捕。
第二十条 在自然保护区、禁猎区和禁猎期内,禁止猎捕和其他妨碍野生动物生息繁衍的活动。
禁猎区和禁猎期以及禁止使用的猎捕工具和方法,由县级以上政府或者其野生动物行政主管部门规定。
第二十一条 禁止使用军用武器、毒药、炸药进行猎捕。
猎枪及弹具的生产、销售和使用管理办法,由国务院林业行政主管部门会同公安部门制定,报国务院批准施行。
第二十二条 禁止出售、收购国家重点保护野生动物或者其产品。因科学研究、驯养繁殖、展览等特殊情况,需要出售、收购、利用国家一级保护野生动物或者其产品的,必须经国务院野生动物行政主管部门或者其授权的单位批准;需要出售、收购、利用国家二级保护野生动物或者其产品的,必须经省、自治区、直辖市政府野生动物行政主管部门或者其授权的单位批准。
驯养繁殖国家重点保护野生动物的单位和个人可以凭驯养繁殖许可证向政府指定的收购单位,按照规定出售国家重点保护野生动物或者其产品。
工商行政管理部门对进入市场的野生动物或者其产品,应当进行监督管理。
第二十三条 运输、携带国家重点保护野生动物或者其产品出县境的,必须经省、自治区、直辖市政府野生动物行政主管部门或者其授权的单位批准。
第二十四条 出口国家重点保护野生动物或者其产品的,进出口中国参加的国际公约所限制进出口的野生动物或者其产品的,必须经国务院野生动物行政主管部门或者国务院批准,并取得国家濒危物种进出口管理机构核发的允许进出口证明书。海关凭允许进出口证明书查验放行。
涉及科学技术保密野生动物物种的出口,按照国务院有关规定办理。
第二十五条 禁止伪造、倒卖、转让特许猎捕证、狩猎证、驯养繁殖许可证和允许进出口证明书。
第二十六条 外国人在中国境内对国家重点保护野生动物进行野外考察或者在野外拍摄电影、录像,必须经国务院野生动物行政主管部门或者其授权的单位批准。
建立对外国人开放的猎捕场所,必须经国务院野生动物行政主管部门批准。
第二十七条 经营利用野生动物或者其产品的,应当缴纳野生动物资源保护管理费。收费标准和办法由国务院野生动物行政主管部门会同财政、物价部门制定,报国务院批准后施行。
第二十八条 因猎捕野生动物造成农作物或者其他损失的,由猎捕者负责赔偿。
第二十九条 有关地方政府应当采取措施,预防、控制野生动物所造成的危害,保障人畜安全和农业、林业生产。
第三十条 地方重点保护野生动物和其他非国家重点保护野生动物的管理办法,由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会常务委员会制定。
第四章 法律责任
第三十一条 非法捕杀国家重点保护野生动物的,依照关于惩治捕杀国家重点保护的珍贵、濒危野生动犯罪的补充规定追究刑事责任。
第三十二条 违反本法规定,在禁猎区、禁猎期或者使用禁用的工具、方法猎捕野生动物的,由野生动物行政主管部门没收猎获物、猎捕工具和违法所得,处以罚款;情节严重、构成犯罪的,依照刑法第一百三十条的规定追究刑事责任。
第三十三条 违反本法规定,未取得狩猎证或者未按狩猎证规定猎捕野生动物的,由野生动物行政主管部门没收猎获物和违法所得,处以罚款,并可以没收猎捕工具,吊销狩猎证。
违反本法规定,未取得持枪证猎捕野生动物的,由公安机关比照治安管理处罚条例的规定处罚。
第三十四条 违反本法规定,在自然保护区、禁猎区破坏国家或者地方重点保护野生动物主要生息繁衍场所的,由野生动物行政主管部门责令停止破坏行为,限期恢复原状,处以罚款。
第三十五条 违反本法规定,出售、收购、运输、携带国家或者地方重点保护野生动物或者其产品的,由工商行政管理部门没收实物和违法所得,可以并处罚款。
违反本法规定,出售、收购国家重点保护野生动物或者其产品,情节严重、构成投机倒把罪、走私罪的,依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。
没收的实物,由野生动物行政主管部门或者其授权的单位按照规定处理。
第三十六条 非法进出口野生动物或者其产品的,由海关依照海关法处罚;情节严重、构成犯罪的,依照刑法关于走私罪的规定追究刑事责任。
第三十七条 伪造、倒卖、转让特许猎捕证、狩猎证、驯养繁殖许可证或者允许进出口证明书的,由野生动物行政主管部门或者工商行政管理部门吊销证件,没收违法所得,可以并处罚款。
伪造、倒卖特许猎捕证或者允许进出口证明书,情节严重、构成犯罪的,比照刑法第一百六十七条的规定追究刑事责任。
第三十八条 野生动物行政主管部门的工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的,由其所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分;情节严重、构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第三十九条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内,向作出处罚决定机关的上一级机关申请复议;对上一级机关的复议决定不服的,可以在接到复议决定通知之日起十五日内,向法院起诉。当事人也可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内,直接向法院起诉。当事人逾期不申请复议或者不向法院起诉又不履行处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的机关申请法院强制执行。
对海关处罚或者治安管理处罚不服的,依照海关法或者治安管理处罚条例的规定办理。
第五章 附 则
第四十条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的与保护野生动物有关的国际条约与本法有不同规定的,适用国际条约的规定,但中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第四十一条 国务院野生动物行政主管部门根据本法制定实施条例,报国务院批准施行。
省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会常务委员会可以根据本法制定实施办法。
第四十二条 本法自1989年3月1日起施行。
附:有关法律条文
一、刑法有关规定
《刑法》第一百一十六条 违反海关法规,进行走私
,情节严重的,除按照海关法规没收走私物品并且可以罚
款外,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,可以并处没收财产。
《刑法》第一百一十七条 违反金融、外汇、金银、
工商管理法规,投机倒把,情节严重的,处三年以下有期
徒刑或者拘役,可以并处、单处罚金或者没收财产。
《刑法》第一百一十八条 以走私、投机倒把为常业
的,走私、投机倒把数额巨大的或者走私、投机倒把集团
的首要分子,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,可以并处没
收财产。
《刑法》第一百三十条 违反狩猎法规,在禁猎区、
禁猎期或者使用禁用的工具、方法进行狩猎,破坏珍禽、
珍兽或者其他野生动物资源,情节严重的,处二年以下有
期徒刑、拘役或者罚金。
《刑法》第一百六十七条 伪造、变造或者盗窃、抢
夺、毁灭国家机关、企业、事业单位、人民团体的公文、
证件、印章的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥
夺政治权利;情节严重的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于严惩严重破坏经
济的罪犯的决定》第一条
对刑法第一百一十八条走私、套汇、投机倒把牟取暴
利罪,第一百五十二条盗窃罪,第一百七十一条贩毒罪,
第一百七十三条盗运珍贵文物出口罪,其处刑分别补充或
者修改为:情节严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑
或者死刑,可以并处没收财产。
《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治走私罪的补
充规定》第二条
走私国家禁止出口的文物、珍贵动物及其制品、黄金
、白银或者其他贵重金属的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处
罚金或者没收财产;情节特别严重的,处无期徒刑或者死
刑,并处没收财产;情节较轻的,处五年以下有期徒刑,
并处罚金。
二、《海关法》有关规定
第四十七条 逃避海关监管,有下列行为之一的,是
走私罪:
(一)运输、携带、邮寄国家禁止进出口的毒品、武
器、伪造货币进出境的,以牟利、传播为目的运输、携带
、邮寄淫秽物品进出境的,或者运输、携带、邮寄国家禁
止出口的文物出境的;
(二)以牟利为目的,运输、携带、邮寄除前项所列
物品外的国家禁止进出口的其他物品、国家限制进出口或
者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境,数额较大的;
……
第四十八条 有本法第四十七条第(二)、(三)项
所列行为之一,走私货物、物品数额不大的,或者携带、
邮寄淫秽物品进出境不构成走私罪的,由海关没收货物、
物品、违法所得,可以并处罚款。
三、《治安管理处罚条例》有关规定
第二十条 有下列妨害公共安全行为之一的,处十五
日以下拘留、二百元以下罚款或者警告:
(一)非法携带、存放枪支、弹药或者有其他违反枪
支管理规定行为,尚不够刑事处罚的;
……
(附英文)
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROTECTION OFWILDLIFE
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROTECTION OF
WILDLIFE
(Adopted at the Fourth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. 9 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on November 8, 1988, and
effective as of March 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Protection of Wildlife
Chapter III Administration of Wildlife
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated for the purpose of protecting and saving the
species of wildlife which are rare or near extinction, protecting,
developing and rationally utilizing wildlife resources and maintaining
ecological balances.
Article 2
All activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China
concerning the protection, domestication, breeding, development and
utilization of species of wildlife must be conducted in conformity with
this Law.
The wildlife protected under this Law refers to the species of terrestrial
and aquatic wildlife which are rare or near extinction and the species of
terrestrial wildlife which are beneficial or of important economic or
scientific value.
The wildlife referred to in the provisions of this Law means the wildlife
which shall enjoy protection as prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
As regards the protection of the species of aquatic wildlife other than
those which are rare or near extinction, the provisions of the Fisheries
Law shall apply.
Article 3
Wildlife resources shall be owned by the State.
The State shall protect the lawful rights and interests of units and
individuals engaged in the development or utilization of wildlife
resources according to law.
Article 4
The State shall pursue a policy of strengthening the protection of
wildlife resources, actively domesticating and breeding the species of
wildlife, and rationally developing and utilizing wildlife resources, and
encourage scientific research on wildlife.
Units and individuals that have made outstanding achievements in the
protection of wildlife resources, in scientific research on wildlife, or
in the domestication and breeding of wildlife shall be awarded by the
State.
Article 5
Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the duty to protect
wildlife resources and the right to inform the authorities of or file
charges against acts of seizure or destruction of wildlife resources.
Article 6
The governments at various levels shall strengthen the administration of
wildlife resources and formulate plans and measures for the protection,
development and rational utilization of wildlife resources.
Article 7
The departments of forestry and fishery administration under the State
Council shall be respectively responsible for the nationwide
administration of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife.
The departments of forestry administration under the governments of
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government shall be responsible for the administration of
terrestrial wildlife in their respective areas. The departments in charge
of the administration of terrestrial wildlife under the governments of
autonomous prefectures, counties and municipalities shall be designated by
the governments of provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities
directly under the Central Government.
The departments of fishery administration under the local governments at
or above the county level shall be responsible for the administration of
aquatic wildlife in their respective areas.
Chapter II Protection of Wildlife
Article 8
The State shall protect wildlife and the environment for its survival, and
shall prohibit the illegal hunting, catching or destruction of wildlife by
any unit or individual.
Article 9
The State shall give special protection to the species of wildlife which
are rare or near extinction. The wildlife under special state protection
shall consist of two classes: wildlife under first class protection and
wildlife under second class protection. Lists or revised lists of wildlife
under special state protection shall be drawn up by the department of
wildlife administration under the State Council and announced after being
submitted to and approved by the State Council.
The wildlife under special local protection, being different from the
wildlife under special state protection, refers to the wildlife specially
protected by provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly
under the Central Government. Lists of wildlife under special local
protection shall be drawn up and announced by the governments of
provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central
Government and shall be submitted to the State Council for the record.
Lists or revised lists of terrestrial wildlife under state protection,
which are beneficial or of important economic or scientific value, shall
be drawn up and announced by the department of wildlife administration
under the State Council.
Article 10
The department of wildlife administration under the State Council and
governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government shall, in the main districts and water areas
where wildlife under special state or local protection lives and breeds,
designate nature reserves and strengthen the protection and administration
of wildlife under special state or local protection and the environment
for its survival.
The designation and administration of nature reserves shall be effected in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council.
Article 11
Departments of wildlife administration at various levels shall keep watch
on and monitor the impact of the environment on wildlife. If the
environmental impact causes harm to wildlife, the departments of wildlife
administration shall conduct investigation and deal with the matter
jointly with the departments concerned.
Article 12
If a construction project produces adverse effects on the environment for
the survival of wildlife under special state or local protection, the
construction unit shall submit a report on the environmental impact. The
department of environmental protection shall, in examining and approving
the report, seek the opinion of the department of wildlife administration
at the same level.
Article 13
If natural disasters present threats to wildlife under special state or
local protection, the local governments shall take timely measures to
rescue them.
Article 14
If the protection of wildlife under special state or local protection
causes losses to crops or other losses, the local governments shall make
compensation for them. Measures for such compensation shall be formulated
by the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government.
Chapter III Administration of Wildlife
Article 15
The departments of wildlife administration shall regularly carry out
surveys of wildlife resources and keep records of them.
Article 16
The hunting, catching or killing of wildlife under special state
protection shall be prohibited. Where the catching or fishing of wildlife
under first class state protection is necessary for scientific research,
domestication and breeding, exhibition or other special purposes, the unit
concerned must apply to the department of wildlife administration under
the State Council for a special hunting and catching license; where the
catching or hunting of wildlife under second class state protection is
intended, the unit concerned must apply to the relevant department of
wildlife administration under the government of a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government for a
special hunting and catching license.
Article 17
The State shall encourage the domestication and breeding of wildlife.
Anyone who intends to domesticate and breed wildlife under special state
protection shall obtain a license. Administrative measures for such
licenses shall be formulated by the department of wildlife administration
under the State Council.
Article 18
Anyone who intends to hunt or catch wildlife that is not under special
state protection must obtain a hunting license and observe the hunting
quota assigned. Anyone who intends to hunt with a gun must obtain a gun
license from the public security organ of the county or municipality
concerned.
Article 19
Anyone engaged in the hunting or catching of wildlife shall observe the
prescriptions in his special hunting and catching license or his hunting
license with respect to the species, quantity, area and time limit.
Article 20
In nature reserves and areas closed to hunting, and during seasons closed
to hunting, the hunting and catching of wildlife and other activities
which are harmful to the living and breeding of wildlife shall be
prohibited.
The areas and seasons closed to hunting as well as the prohibited hunting
gear and methods shall be specified by governments at or above the county
level or by the departments of wildlife administration under them.
Article 21
The hunting or catching of wildlife by the use of military weapons, poison
or explosives shall be prohibited.
Measures for the control of the production, sale and use of hunting rifles
and bullets shall be formulated by the department of forestry
administration under the State Council jointly with the public security
department, and shall enter into force after being submitted to and
approved by the State Council.
Article 22
The sale and purchase of wildlife under special state protection or the
products thereof shall be prohibited. Where the sale, purchase or
utilization of wildlife under first class state protection or the products
thereof is necessary for scientific research, domestication and breeding,
exhibition or other special purposes, the unit concerned must apply for
approval by the department of wildlife administration under the State
Council or by a unit authorized by the same department. Where the sale,
purchase or utilization of wildlife under second class state protection or
the products thereof is necessary, the unit concerned must apply for
approval by the department of wildlife administration under the government
of the relevant province, autonomous region or municipality directly under
the Central Government or by a unit authorized by the same department.
Units and individuals that domesticate and breed wildlife under special
state protection may, by presenting their domestication and breeding
licenses, sell wildlife under special state protection or the products
thereof, in accordance with the relevant regulations, to purchasing units
designated by the government.
The administrative authorities for industry and commerce shall exercise
supervision and control over wildlife or the products thereof that are
placed on the market.
Article 23
The transportation or carrying of wildlife under special state protection
or the products thereof out of any county must be approved by the
department of wildlife administration under the government of the relevant
province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central
Government, or by a unit authorized by the same department.
Article 24
The export of wildlife under special state protection or the products
thereof, and the import or export of wildlife or the products thereof,
whose import or export is restricted by international conventions to which
China is a party, must be approved by the department of wildlife
administration under the State Council or by the State Council, and an
import or export permit must be obtained from the state administrative
organ in charge of the import and export of the species which are near
extinction. The Customs shall clear the imports or exports after examining
the import or export permit. The export of the species of wildlife
involving scientific and technological secrets shall be dealt with in
accordance with relevant provisions of the State Council.
Article 25
The forgery, sale or resale or transfer of special hunting and catching
licenses, hunting licenses, domestication and breeding licenses, and
import and export permits shall be prohibited.
Article 26
Where any foreigner intends, in the territory of China, to make surveys of
or to film or videotape wildlife under special state protection in the
field, he must apply for approval by the department of wildlife
administration under the State Council or by a unit authorized by the same
department.
The establishment of hunting grounds open to foreigners must be approved
by the department of wildlife administration under the State Council.
Article 27
Anyone engaged in the utilization of wildlife or the products thereof
shall pay a fee for the protection and administration of wildlife
resources. The schedule of the fee and the procedure for collecting, it
shall be formulated by the department of wildlife administration under the
State Council jointly with the financial and pricing authorities and shall
enter into force after being submitted to and approved by the State
Council.
Article 28
Anyone who has caused losses to crops or other losses while hunting or
catching wildlife shall be held responsible for compensation.
Article 29
The local governments concerned shall take measures to prevent and control
the harm caused by wildlife so as to guarantee the safety of human beings
and livestock and ensure agricultural and forestry production.
Article 30
The administrative measures for wildlife under special local protection
and for other wildlife that is not under special state protection shall be
formulated by the standing committees of the people's congresses of
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government.
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 31
Anyone who illegally catches or kills wildlife under special state
protection shall be prosecuted for criminal responsibility in accordance
with the supplementary provisions on punishing the crimes of catching or
killing the species of wildlife under special state protection which are
rare or near extinction.
Article 32
If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, hunts or catches
wildlife in an area or during a season closed to hunting or uses
prohibited hunting gear or methods for the purpose, his catch, hunting
gear and unlawful income shall be confiscated and he shall be fined by the
department of wildlife administration; if the circumstances are serious
enough to constitute a crime, he shall be prosecuted for criminal
responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 130 of the
Criminal Law.
Article 33
If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, hunts or catches
wildlife without a hunting license or in violation of the prescriptions of
the hunting license, his catch and unlawful income shall be confiscated
and he shall be fined by the department of wildlife administration and, in
addition, his hunting gear may be confiscated and his hunting license
revoked.
If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, hunts wildlife with
a hunting rifle without a license for the rifle, he shall be punished by a
public security organ by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of the
Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 34
If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, destroys in nature
reserves or areas closed to hunting the main places where wildlife under
special state or local protection lives and breeds, he shall be ordered by
the department of wildlife administration to stop his destructive acts and
restore these places to their original state within a prescribed time
limit, and shall be fined.
Article 35
If anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, sells, purchases,
transports or carries wildlife under special state or local protection or
the products thereof, such wildlife and products and his unlawful income
shall be confiscated by the administrative authorities for industry and
commerce and he may concurrently be fined. If anyone, in violation of the
provisions of this Law, sells or purchases wildlife under special state
protection or the products thereof, and if the circumstances are serious
enough to constitute a crime of speculation or smuggling, he shall be
prosecuted for criminal responsibility according to the relevant
provisions of the Criminal Law. The wildlife or the products thereof thus
confiscated shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, be disposed
of by the relevant department of wildlife administration or by a unit
authorized by the same department.
Article 36
If anyone illegally imports or exports wildlife or the products thereof,
he shall be punished by the Customs according to the Customs Law; if the
circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, he shall be
prosecuted for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions
of the Criminal Law on the crimes of smuggling.
Article 37
If anyone forges, sells or resells or transfers a special hunting and
catching license, a hunting license, a domestication and breeding license,
or an import or export permit, his license or permit shall be revoked and
his unlawful income shall be confiscated and he may concurrently be fined
by the relevant department of wildlife administration or the
administrative authorities for industry and commerce.
If anyone who forges or sells or resells a special hunting and catching
license or an import or export permit, and if the circumstances are
serious enough to constitute a crime, he shall be prosecuted for criminal
responsibility by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of Article 167
of the Criminal Law.
Article 38
Any staff member of a department of wildlife administration who neglects
his duty, abuses his power or engages in malpractices for personal gains
shall be subject to administrative sanctions by the department to which he
belongs or by the competent authority at a higher level; if the
circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, he shall be
prosecuted for criminal responsibility according to law.
Article 39
Any party who is dissatisfied with the decision on an administrative
sanction may, within 15 days of receiving the notification on the
sanction, make a request for reconsideration to the authority at the level
next higher to the one that made the decision on the sanction; if he is
dissatisfied with the decision on reconsideration made by the authority at
the next higher level, he may, within 15 days of receiving the
notification on the decision on reconsideration, institute legal
proceedings in the court. The party may also directly institute legal
proceedings in the court within 15 days of receiving the notification on
the sanction. If the party neither makes a request for reconsideration,
nor institutes legal proceedings in the court, nor complies with the
decision on the sanction, the authority that made the decision on the
sanction shall request the court to effect a compulsory execution of the
decision.
If the party is dissatisfied with a Customs penalty or a penalty for
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柜员机取款实证分析:许霆无罪的证明
——两个被遗漏的关键事实证明许霆不构成盗窃罪
秦 志 旗
许霆恶意取款案虽经一审和重审,但仍然可以用 “事实不清、证据不足”来评价。其原因就在于:对于银行的自动柜员机这一“高科技”设备,控、辩、审三方谁也没有就它的原理、功能、作用进行令人信服的的剖析,因而遗漏了决定案件性质的两个关键事实,以致形成误判。笔者早年毕业于“工业自动化”专业,具有分析自动柜员机等类似设备的技术能力,按照“以事实为依据,以法律为准绳”的原则,现就自动柜员机在取款过程中的作用作出简要实证分析。
一、自动柜员机的“身份”和等效功能
首先应当明确,自动柜员机是在代表银行同客户进行交易。客户从自动柜员机取款,即是从银行取款;自动柜员机向客户交付钱款,即是代表银行向客户为交易。相应地,自动柜员机的错误,即是银行的错误,银行应当为其承担责任。
其次,自动柜员机是什么?简单地说,自动柜员机是由专用计算机控制的客户自助取款机器。它分为两大部分:控制部分(专用计算机,相当于人的“大脑”,且该“大脑”与银行主机相连)和执行部分(执行专用计算机发出的取款等指令,相当于人的四肢等)。专用计算机的工作程序经银行制定并受其控制,客户只能被动地依照自动柜员机的提示进行操作,被动地接受自动柜员机的工作结果。同时,由于设备的可靠性、精度、程序错误等原因,自动柜员机可能会出错。
自动柜员机的等效功能,简单地说,就是自动柜员机对客户相当于什么?这就要从客户从银行柜台取款说起:
客户从银行柜台取款,必须:(1)、提交存款凭证(如存款单)、身份证明(如身份证),并填写取款凭单(提出取款额度申请),将以上“三证”交给柜台营业员审核。(2)、营业员审核并认可后记帐,从“金库”提取相应金额的钱款,反复清点、核实,将钱款连同存款凭证、身份证明交付客户。如营业员审核后不予认可,则将“三证”退回客户,流程结束。(3)、客户领取营业员交付的钱款和证件。此即完整的取款流程。其中,客户只能参与(1)和(3),而(2)是营业员按银行规章制度独立操作的程序,客户不能施加影响和控制,只能被动接受。
客户从自动柜员机取款,流程与从银行柜台取款完全一致,只是部分程序的表现方式有所不同,也必须:(1)、提交存款凭证(此处为信用卡)、身份证明(根据自动柜员机提示输入密码,密码符合即认为身份符合,此处信用卡兼具存款凭证和身份证明功能),并填写取款凭单(根据自动柜员机提示,以按数字键方式提出取款额度申请),将以上“三证”提交给自动柜员机(此处为自动柜员机内的专用计算机)审核。(2)、自动柜员机内的专用计算机审核、认可后,记账并发出付款指令,执行机构从“金库”提取相应金额的钱款送至出钞口交付客户。若审核后不予认可,则以文字提示并退出客户信用卡。(3)、客户领取自动柜员机交付的钱款和信用卡;必要时可要求自动柜员机打印取款凭条。若客户10秒钟内未领取钱款,自动柜员机会发出“请尽快取钞,超出时间将自动收回”的提示,随即将钱款从出钞口收回。在此流程中,客户也只能参与(1)和(3),而(2)是自动柜员机按银行规章制度独立操作的程序,客户不能施加影响和控制,只能被动接受。与从柜台取款不同的是,自动柜员机将钱款送至出钞口即视同于向客户交付,若此时钱款被他人取走,仍由客户自己承担责任。
通过以上分析可以看出,就取款而言,自动柜员机就等效于银行柜台营业员;客户在自动柜员机取款的程序和后果,就等效于在银行柜台向营业员取款的程序和后果。但是,也要看到两者的重要区别:在法律后果上,自动柜员机并不完全等同于“自然人柜员”,它本身不会“犯罪”;而且,依据“机器不能被欺骗”的法理,客户也不能对自动柜员机成立诈骗罪,等等。
特别需要指出,自动柜员机内专用计算机对取款业务流程的控制过程,客户虽然不能象柜台取款那样亲眼目睹,但确实是客观存在的(可以从其内部电路图、机械构造中认定);同时,客户在与自动柜员机的互动中也能感觉得到。还可以从反面证明:如果银行不在自动柜员机中设置审核程序,任由客户随意取款,则表明银行主动将审核控制权或将钱款直接交给客户,银行方面失职并承担责任。
二、两个被遗漏的关键事实
1、是谁从“金库”内提出钱款送至出钞口的?
根据上述从自动柜员机取款流程(2)的分析,是自动柜员机内的专用计算机审核、认可客户取款申请后,记账并发出付款指令,执行机构从“金库”提取相应金额的钱款送至出钞口,随后并发出“请尽快取钞,超出时间将自动收回”提示的。但这一影响本案定性的关键事实在庭审中却被遗漏了。请看:
公诉人:“这个机子坏了,不是说坏在不停地往外冒钱,而是要你主动发出取款一千元的指令,他才能够往外,这个钱才能吐出来,如果你不发出这个指令,这个钱还待在柜员机里面,还是银行的财产。总之,从被告人许霆的行为特征分析,其行为完全符合盗窃罪的犯罪构成要件,依法构成盗窃罪。”(引自央视《法治在线》播出:《许霆恶意取款案重审纪实》)
这种说法是错误的。由于公诉人的思路是在“许霆提出取款申请”和“钱才能吐出来”这两个表面现象之间建立了直接因果关系,忽略了“自动柜员机对申请审核、记账,自主控制提取钱款送至出钞口,许霆不能擅自直接提取钱款”这一实质性关键事实,以致案件定性出现“许霆的行为特征构成盗窃罪”的关键性错误。可以打一个浅显的比喻:乘客知道地铁系无人驾驶且车有故障却仍然乘坐,后果然因事故受伤,不能因为“乘客不坐地铁,人就不会受伤” 的表面现象而归责于乘客,因为这一事实的完整链条是:“乘客乘车、地铁公司管理控制车、车出事故伤人”,其中“地铁公司管理控制车”是影响定性的实质性关键环节,无论乘客是否知道车况。同理,在许霆案中,只有在“自动柜员机对取款申请审核、记账,发出提取钱款送至出钞口的指令”和“钱才能吐出来”这两者之间才能成立刑法意义上的直接因果关系,而“许霆提出取款申请”不过是这一事实的诱因,并没有刑法上的因果关系意义。还可以提出反证:如果“提出取款申请”即构成盗窃罪,则所有的信用卡使用人均是罪犯,因为“钱才能吐出来”都经过了“主动发出取款指令”的程序。这实在是不合逻辑、不可思议的事实认识错误。
(公诉人的错误,还在于对“指令”这一计算机专业用语的误解。虽然向计算机发出的电子信号都可以统称“指令”,但并非所有的“指令”计算机都会无条件执行,许多关键性的“指令”必须经过审核、认可,才能由计算机通过驱动程序指令执行机构执行。本案中自动柜员机将钱款送至出钞口就是如此。)
公诉人虽然提出“自动柜员机出现异常”,但这种“异常”是否足以致使自动柜员机完全处于“不设防状态”,任由许霆支配,随意提取钱款呢?答案是否定的。从本案事实看,自动柜员机仅仅是在对许霆信用卡有无透支功能(将“无”误判为“有”)和扣账显示功能(将取款1000元显示为扣账1元)两个环节上出错,并未丧失整体控制能力且履行了管控职能。例如:自动柜员机仍能正确识别信用卡真伪、正确辨别客户密码正误、正确记账并执行专用计算机发出的提取钱款送至出钞口的指令。也就是说,即使是在出现某些异常的情况下,自动柜员机也并非直接听从许霆的控制,取款与否仍然由专用计算机自主控制即履行管控职能。请看广州市中级人民法院(2008)穗中法刑二重字第2号刑事判决书认定的证据:
证据1:广州市商业银行出具的报案陈述,证实:“经查看日志,发现该自动柜员机在1000元以下(不含1000元)取款交易正常,但对超过1000元的取款交易,自动柜员机则按1元的金额形成交易报文向银行主机报送,造成上述情况的原因是运营商于2006年4月21日17时对该机进行系统升级后出现异常”。该证据证实,尽管出现异常,但自动柜员机对所有取款交易均以交易报文向银行主机报送,即银行方面已履行了审核程序并视为完成了交易。至于审核结果,客户并不能控制。
证据8:广州市商业银行提供的完整流水记录数据和涉案帐户取款交易明细,证实: 许霆“取款过程中,21时57分21秒至22时20分21秒共指令取款55次,每次1000元,其中最后一次交易失败”;“23时23分05秒插卡,23时23分33秒指令取款1000元,交易失败,未取出款项 。次日凌晨0时26分04秒插卡,0时26分22秒至1时06分22秒共取款100次,前96次每次取款1000元,后4次每次取款2000元,共计取款104000元。”该证据证实,许霆两次“取款失败”,证明取款受自动柜员机控制,许霆不能随意控制(取款成功仅仅是因为取款申请被自动柜员机审核、认可);同时,也证明自动柜员机全部记录了许霆取款的总计金额,这笔账已经全部记在了许霆的头上。
证据9:广州市商业银行提供的帐户流水清单,证实:“许霆于2006年4月21日至4月22日期间,在涉案自动柜员机上先后取款171次,其中167次每次扣帐1元,4次扣帐2元帐户最后余额为1.97元。”该证据证实,自动柜员机对客户每次取款均作了扣帐处理(即进行了审核),但扣帐额度出错。
证据15:郭安山的供述及对被告人许霆的辨认笔录,证实:郭安山和许霆到柜员机取钱,郭安山“果真取出了3000元,但自己卡中只有860多元,第四次要取1000元却无法取出。之后两人又回去拿了塑料袋再次回到现场,其先用自己的农业银行卡取出5000元,之后又无法取出了,许霆就接着取,取了好多钱,差不多一个小时才停下来,之后其试了几次,但都取不出钱,就回去休息。第二天,其用假名刘阳办了一张假身份证,以该身份证开了一张商业银行卡。当天中午12时许,其去到上述柜员机用商业银行卡取款,取出10000元左右,之后无法再取出钱就走了。”该证据证实,郭安山取款过程中多次无法取出,甚至“试了几次,但都取不出钱”,证明确系自动柜员机在控制取款的程序,客户不能控制。
证据16:被告人许霆的供述及对郭安山的辨认笔录,证实:许霆和郭安山去广州市平云路附近的商业银行自动柜员机取款,“郭安山用他的农业银行卡取出3000元,后因交易限制取不出钱,两人就又回到宿舍。次日零时许,其拿了一个塑料袋和郭安山又回到那台柜员机处,郭安山用他的卡取出几千元无法再取出钱,其接着用自己的银行卡取钱,一直取了很长时间,取出10万元左右,之后郭安山又用他的卡试着取钱,还是取不出钱,于是两人就回到宿舍。”该证据证实,自动柜员机在工作过程中实施了“交易限制”,客户多次无法取款,证明客户不能控制自动柜员机取款。
以上证据证明,尽管出现异常,但自动柜员机对客户的取款交易均向银行主机报送,即银行方面已履行了审核程序;许霆和郭安山多次“取款失败”,说明取款受自动柜员机控制,客户不能随意控制(取款成功仅仅是因为取款申请被自动柜员机审核、认可);同时,也证实自动柜员机全部记录了许霆取款的总计金额,这笔账全部记在了许霆的头上。也即,由于银行已履行了审核程序,记了账并发出了付款指令将钱款送至出钞口,许霆只是被动领取钱款并承受对银行透支(负债)的后果,其行为完全不符合“采用秘密窃取手段,违反财物占有人意志,将财物转移为自己或第三者占有”的盗窃罪犯罪构成要件,依法不构成盗窃罪。
事实上,除非采用破坏性手段(直接撬开自动柜员机盗窃)或“高科技”手段(如修改专用计算机程序对自动柜员机实施控制等),客户仅依据自动柜员机提示从事按键操作是不可能控制自动柜员机的,即使自动柜员机出错也是如此。
2、出钞口的钱款属于什么性质?
可以从两方面看:从自动柜员机看,将钱款送至出钞口,意味着银行经对客户的取款申请审核、认可后将钱款交付给客户并视为交易完成,也即意味着,此时银行认为该笔钱款已属于客户。而且,银行是以推定的方式认定交付的有效性,即只要钱款被取走,即推定为客户本人取走。同时,若客户10秒钟内未领取钱款,自动柜员机会发出“请尽快取钞,超出时间将自动收回”的提示,催告客户尽快取走,否则将钱款从出钞口收回。这些都证明:银行方面认为,送至出钞口的钱款是交易结果,属于客户所有并要求客户尽快取走,而非银行的资金。
从客户方面看,自己提交了取款申请,自动柜员机没有用文字提示或退出信用卡的方式予以拒绝,却在出钞口送出钱款,表明交易已经成功,自己的信用卡已被扣账,出钞口送出的钱款当然属于客户。同时,自动柜员机向自己发出“请尽快取钞,超出时间将自动收回”的提示,更是证明钱款属于自己,银行已在催告自己取走,如不及时取走将使自己蒙受损失。
所以,使用信用卡的客户取走出钞口送出的钱款,是取走银行交付给自己的钱款,其行为完全不符合盗窃罪的犯罪构成要件,依法不可能成立“盗窃罪”。
三、许霆不构成“盗窃罪”
由以上对许霆在自动柜员机取款的实证分析可知,“许霆提出取款申请”和“自动柜员机送出钱款”并不成立刑法意义上的因果关系;而两个被遗漏的关键事实,一个证明是自动柜员机而不是许霆在控制取款,一个证明许霆取走的是交易中经银行审核、记账后支付给自己的钱款,并非取走银行或他人钱款;所以,许霆的行为特征完全不符合“采用秘密窃取手段,违反财物占有人意志,将财物转移为自己或第三者占有”的盗窃罪犯罪构成要件,依法不构成盗窃罪。
当然,从庭审认定的证据可以看出,许霆确实具有非法占有的故意。但是,在现行的法律条文中,确实又没有对许霆的行为作出定罪的规范,按照“罪刑法定”的刑法原则,确实只能判决许霆无罪。至于如何从立法上堵塞类似事件的漏洞,还是应当首先从弄清事实着手,并在此基础上构筑法律防范和处罚的篱笆。
2008年4月5日
作者:秦志旗;工作单位:四川省郫县交通局;电话:13308068828;
邮箱:qizhiqi999@163.com